It is unknown what gave rise to the leuconoid forms of the other three sponge classes. In leuconoid forms, the holes in the surface of the body are connected to a complex canal system with a multitude of small chamber pump units.Īlthough these are often depicted as a progressive gain in complexity in the evolution of leuconoid from ascon and sycon forms, phylogenetic analyses indicate that in Calcarea both leucon and sycon type sponges most likely arose independently from ascon forms ( Manuel, 2006), and some evidence points to the opposite process in which ascon and sycon forms may have derived from a rigid leucon body architecture ( Dohrmann et al., 2006). Water enters through short canals or directly through openings (ostia) into the chambers and leaves through a single outlet (apopyle) to the atrium and from there out of the osculum.
Syconoid forms, in turn, possess many ascon-shaped cylindrical chambers branching off a central cavity (atrium). Insets show zoom-in water path (blue arrows) into the chambers in sycons and leucons, where in the latter, water is forced to go through collar filters (black) of choanocytes (red, cc) due to the presence of a physical gasket (g).Īsconoid forms are organized as a single tube in which the choanocytes form a single layer on the inner surface of the tube wall. Schematic of sponge body types in ascon (A), sycon (S), and leucon (L) with evolutionary view of grades of morphological complexity in calcareous sponges (black arrows).
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